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In a three-month undercover investigation, Daily Trust obtained fake certificates from a notorious forgers’ haven in Lagos city centre and used them to secure a teaching job at two schools in the state, highlighting deficiencies in verification of certificates, the far-reaching implications of counterfeit credentials for society and the need for policy-backed, technologically-driven systems to ensure real-time verification
Early in June, I was asked to investigate the operation of a criminal syndicate in Oluwole, a bustling enclave on Lagos Island infamous for forgery of certificates, land documents, tax clearance, visa, signatures and more. The gang is notoriously adept at forging documents that could hardly be told apart from the original. And in fact, on many occasions, it would require digital verification to spot the counterfeit.
The desk wanted me to unravel how much the forgers charge and the impact of their activities on various facets of society: health, education, etc. I was expected to submit the story in two weeks, but the deadline was not a concern. There are several media reports on Oluwole already and I wondered what else was left to write about.
In 2005, operatives of the Nigeria Police, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) and the State Security Service raided the forgers’ den. The then Inspector-General of Police, Sunday Ehindero, told journalists that the joint security team recovered over 40,000 Nigerian passports, 1,500 foreign passports, including the United States and Switzerland’s, 10,000 blank British Airways tickets, 50,000 cheque leaves of foreign banks, about 10,000 US Postal Money Orders, blank certificates of occupancy, bills of lading, 500 printing plates and 500 computers.
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Others were forged bank account statements, stamps and seals of government bodies, blank marriage certificates, death certificates, certificates of incorporation and International driver’s licences. Ehindero paraded 115 suspects arrested during the clampdown.
Undeterred, the ‘boys’ returned to work after a while, prompting the Lagos State Government to demolish structures they used to perpetuate their illicit activities in 2007. A modern commercial edifice labelled Oluwole Urban Mall was built on the same spot.
Expectedly, three days to the deadline, on a Wednesday, one of the editors reminded me of the story. When it became clear she wouldn’t budge how hard I tried to explain the story idea away, I began to ruminate on fresh angles to explore.
I thought of procuring a West African Examinations Council (WAEC) certificate, a degree and a National Youth Service Corps discharge certificate and using them to apply for a teaching job, considering how teachers can make or mar children’s educational development. “But can they truly be presented to employers without being flagged?” I imagined, yet optimistic I had found a lead.
An encounter with forgery agents
Time was ticking towards noon on June 30 when I visited Oluwole, a crowded area nestled by the popular Balogun Market, high-rising corporate facilities and shopping plazas. The street buzzed with a cluster of roadside traders stoutly milling around traffic to market their wares.
For minutes, I stood still opposite the rebuilt Oluwole mall, unsure of where to find the fraudulent clique as their known hideout had been demolished long ago. I later walked up to a fierce-looking young man named John in front of a shop some metres away. He spotted dreadlocks and a stud in his left ear.
“Guy, how far?” I greeted him in a gravelly voice, trying to strike a chord with him. After exchanging pleasantries, I whispered to him that I needed some documents.
“Follow me,” John beckoned swiftly and led me to a line of stands adjacent to Oluwole Urban Mall, where food vendors, gin sellers, herbal mixture venders, Point of Sale (PoS) agents and operators of a betting outlet popularly known as Baba Ijebu converged. He handed me over to a lanky, middle-aged, dark-complexioned man identified simply as Ola and vanished into thin air.
It quickly dawned on me that, despite the massive clampdown on the counterfeiters and a new mall that displaced their hideout, forgery is still alive and kicking at Oluwole. The only thing that has changed is the forgers’ modus operandi. They have gone underground, loitering around the vicinity for customers they know would surely come.
Ola took me to a fenced expansive open space backing the stands. There, some youths idled their time away puffing at long, thick wraps of weed. The acrid smell of Marijuana pervaded the ambience as we sat on a bench to discuss.
“I need WAEC, degree and NYSC certificates,” I said crisply.
“There is no document that I can’t get for you here. I have been working here for over 20 years,” Ola remarked with an air of confidence. “CofO (certificate of occupancy), visas, cheques, name it. Just give me your details and the information that will be on the certificates and everything will be done.”
“It has grades,” he continued. “What I will do for you is Grade A that no one can doubt if they see it. A degree certificate is N40,000; NYSC [discharge certificate] with a call-up letter, N30,000; WAEC result, N20,000. We charge more than that from ‘big’ (rich) men, but I will do everything for N90,000. I’m very sure you will refer more people to me after this job,” he boasted.
After haggling back and forth, Ola agreed to clone the three documents for N70,000.
At exactly 12.21 pm, he collected a deposit of N30,000, took my details and promised that the certificates would be ready by 4 pm.
I identified myself as Ayobami Babajide, born on March 5, 1992; attended Government Day Secondary School, Ilorin, Kwara State; studied Economics Education at the University of Ilorin and served in Osun State.
As Ola was about to leave, I made entreaties to follow him to where he would process the certificates but he strongly declined, even as I subtly threatened to discontinue the deal. He insisted their clandestine workplaces are barred to “clients” and assured me he would do a good job.
“Since the police raided this place many years ago after a prominent politician was defrauded with some documents we forged here, we no longer operate openly. Our offices are around this area, but we don’t allow clients to follow us there. Just hang around, your work will be ready soon,” he explained as we exchanged contacts and parted ways.
Two hours later, I became perturbed when I couldn’t reach Ola on the phone. Could it be I had been scammed? I grew weary as the agreed time drew nearer, yet his line was unreachable. At about 4.15pm, my phone rang. It was Ola on the other end. “Come over, your work is ready,” he declared in a tone tinged with victory.
Pronto, I hurried to our meeting point and saw him holding an A4-sized brown envelope. Voila! The certificates are ready. In less than four hours, Ayobami Babajide passed his Senior Secondary School Examination in flying colours in 2013, bagged a Second Class Honours (Upper Division) in Bachelor of Science (Education) Economics in 2019 from the University of Ilorin and received the NYSC discharge certificate having completed his service year in Osun State in 2021.
Ola. Photo: Afeez Hanafi
Forgers work in cahoots with ‘police’
As Ola handed over the certificates to me and collected his N40,000 balance, I talked him into a conversation about how he and his accomplices operate without being caught by law enforcement agents.
“We know them,” he retorted, rather dismissively. “Officers from different police stations on Lagos Island come here every week and we settle (bribe) them. They know our secret offices where the computers and documents we use are and go there to collect their share [of the proceeds].”
He revealed that the officers only swoop on the area when a customer’s document is not processed after payment and the person reports to the police, or when forged documents are used to commit huge frauds.
“Whatever the case is, it will be settled and the suspect (forger) will be released,” he bragged. “If any of us is arrested by the police from Kester [which covers Oluwole], it is as good as we are at home,” he added, flashing a wry smile.
Aside from Kester police post, police formations on Lagos Island include Ebute-Ero, Adeniji-Adele, Lion Building, Onikan, Dolphin divisions, as well as Zone 2 Police Command, which oversees Lagos and Ogun police commands.
As our conversation progressed, Ola grew suspicious and sought to know the reasons for the probe. “I was just curious how you guys have been running things,” I replied casually. Though he reluctantly believed me, his subsequent responses were notably measured.
“If you need a confirmed CofO, it is N80,000. I will process a UK visa for N1.2 million. Let’s discuss when you are ready,” Ola said as we separated.
When contacted for comments on September 18, the Lagos State Police Public Relations Officer (PPRO), SP Abimbola Adebisi, promised to make inquiries and get back, but she had yet to do so at the time of this publication. She did not pick up subsequent calls to her line either.
However, CSP Umma Ayuba, the PPRO Zone 2 Command, said she was not aware that some police officers were aiding the nefarious act.
“I am not aware of this. Let them mention the police officers they bribe. Even if we have bad eggs in the police, it is for the people to give us information and then we work on it. It’s a piece of information you are giving me and it will be investigated,” she said.
Oluwole Degree. Photo: Afeez Hanafi
Applying for teaching job with Oluwole certificates
In late July when schools were rounding off the 2024/2025 academic session, I submitted a curriculum vitae carved out of the fake certificates I obtained from Oluwole to 10 private primary and secondary schools in Lagos whose tuition fees range from N150,000 to N250,000 per term aside from the school bus transportation fee which is optional.
The CV included spurious five-year work experience as a teacher in two different schools, even though I have no background in education or economics. I also applied to a teaching job advertised by the state government then, but did not hear anything about the recruitment exercise afterwards.
In recent years, the competence of thousands of teachers has been a concern. A 2018 National Personnel Audit conducted by the Universal Basic Education Commission (UBEC) showed that only 53 per cent of teachers in private schools were qualified to teach, while 73 per cent of those teaching in public schools were qualified.
Fake NYSC discharge certificate from Oluwole.
The 2022 audit report painted a similarly disturbing trend. Out of 354,651 teachers at Early Childhood Care and Development Education (ECCDE), 221,616 were qualified, while 133,035 were not qualified. Primary schools had 662,260 qualified and 253,333 unqualified teachers. Junior Secondary Schools featured 309,747 qualified and 106,544 unqualified teachers.
Nigeria has 1,686,535 teachers in basic education schools, according to the report, but only 55% (929,775) of teaching staff registered with the Teachers Registration Council of Nigeria (TRCN), while 45% (756,760) were not registered. It further revealed that 70.48% of teaching staff in public schools have the minimum teaching qualification (Nigeria Certificate in Education) as stipulated by the National Policy on Education, while only 45.19% possess NCE in private schools.
A basic literacy and numeracy competency test conducted for teachers in public primary schools in Borno State in 2022 revealed that, out of 17,229 teachers, only 5,439, representing 31.6%, were competent to teach; 3,815 teachers or 22.1% were incompetent and not trainable while 7,975 teachers, representing 46.3%, were not competent enough but trainable.
About 66% (21,780) of 33,000 primary school teachers who sat for a primary four pupils’ test in Kaduna State in 2017 failed to score 75%, leading to massive sacking. Though the teachers’ performance improved in the competency test conducted in the state in December 2021, several teachers were asked to retake the test for failing to score 75%. About 165 of the 27,662 teachers who did the test scored below 40% and were sacked for poor performance. In June 2022, the Kaduna State Universal Basic Education Board (KADSUBEB) conducted another competency test and dismissed 2,357 teachers who failed.
The consequences of incompetent teachers are dire, Dr Akeem Ameen, a lecturer at the Federal College of Education, Lafiagi, Kwara State, told Weekend Trust. “They will destroy the future of society, built on education, and kill the children’s future,” he lamented.
Oluwole WAEC result.
Appointment at Westlake Schools
During a random online search for private schools, I stumbled on the phone number of Mrs Temitope Sowole, the proprietor of Westlake Schools — touted as a “Nigerian British standard school” — on Sunmola Street, Mende, Maryland, in the Kosofe Local Government Area of Lagos.
I phoned Sowole on July 8, asking if the school needed a teacher. “I studied economics and can teach the English language, Social Studies and Civic Education and Economics,” I declared. She asked if I had taught English before, and I answered in the affirmative.
The proprietor consequently told me to send my CV to her via WhatsApp. I did the following day, but didn’t hear from her again until August 19 when she asked that I resend my CV. I was then scheduled for a job interview at the school at 9am on Thursday, August 21.
On the morning of that day, she directed me to the school head, one Mrs Okolie and promised to join us later. A chubby woman who seems to be in her 50s, Okolie received me warmly at about 8.50 am. I gave her both the fake certificates and their photocopies. After checking, she returned the ‘original’ forged copies and told me to write a 250-word essay on why I wanted to join the school. A brief interview followed and she promised to get back to me.
Westlake Schools. Photo: Afeez Hanafi
Sowole, who was unable to attend the interview session, called on September 4, informing me that I had been employed and should resume work in four days. She forwarded an appointment letter to me through WhatsApp shortly after I had requested proof of employment.
“Dear Mr Babajide, we are pleased to offer you employment as a teacher with Westlake Schools. Your appointment takes effect from Tuesday [sic] 08/09/2025. Your total monthly salary will be N60,000 payable at the end of each month,” the letter signed by Sowole reads in part.
Having accomplished my mission by securing employment with the fake certificates, I texted the proprietor that I had gotten an offer better than hers, which fell below the N70,000 national minimum wage.
Westlake Schools appointment letter. Photo: Afeez Hanafi
Novel Light School issues employment letter one week after resumption
With “Govt. approved” conspicuously written on its entrance, Novel Light School, comprising primary and secondary sections on the same premises, sits at 3 Rasheed Barbara Drive, off Daddy Savage, Fagba, in the Ifako-Jaiye LGA of Lagos. On July 31, I sat an employment test, which lasted one and a half hours at the secondary school section. The test consisted of Mathematics, the English Language, General Studies, Social Studies, Verbal Reasoning, and essay writing.
I confessed to the principal, one Mr Uche, that my performance in mathematics would be awful, because I’m not good at it. “No problem,” he quipped.
Having realised that many private schools hardly issue appointment letters, I asked Uche if I would get one immediately when I am employed. “Definitely; you will get it before you step into the class,” he said assuredly.
On August 4, 2025, the school director, Mrs Iyabo Adeyemi, interviewed me for the job. She scanned through the essay I wrote on my prospective contributions to the school and remarked she was impressed. I rendered the content of my make-believe CV off-hand, after she requested to “meet” me.
However, unlike Uche, the director was bewildered that someone who studied economics was indifferent to mathematics and curiously asked how I coped in university. “I went the extra mile to study and pass mathematics-related courses,” I replied. “Oh, okay,” she nodded.
Novel Light School. Photo: Afeez Hanafi
Adeyemi offered to pay me N80,000 salary instead of the N100,000 I demanded, with a promise to increase the pay if I put up outstanding performance. Uche thanked her on my behalf, saying he even thought she would offer me N70,000.
Like Okolie of Westlake Schools, Adeyemi looked through both my forged credentials and the photocopies without raising her eyebrows and instructed Uche to file the latter.
The principal assigned me to teach three subjects: Basic Science, Agric and History. Adeyemi appealed that I take up one more – Islamic Religious Studies – being a Muslim, explaining that the school did not have a teacher for the subject. At the end of the interview, Uche invited me to a staff meeting slated for September 4 to mark my official engagement with the school.
I attended the meeting alongside three female teachers and reminded him of my appointment letter. Two teachers, who had spent at least a term in the school, subtly requested their appointment letters too.
Uche announced that the director was out of the country, assuring that I would get it as soon as she returned. He asked me to resume work fully on Thursday, September 11, preparatory to the pupils’ resumption the next Monday.
Lo and behold, I eventually got my appointment letter on Tuesday, September 16, a day after the school resumed for a new academic session. The letter signed by Adeyemi states that the management is “pleased to offer you an appointment as a teacher at Novel Light School with effect from 4th September, 2025.”
I went to work the next day to dispel any suspicion that my sudden quitting of the job might raise. It was basically a revision week, but some Junior Secondary School 1 and 2 pupils were already bonding with me in just two days that I taught the classes.
In effect, the school management, without carrying out any background check, entrusted the pupils’ education and safety with a ‘teacher’ whose name, credentials, address and identity were fake. I finally quit the job, citing some terms and conditions in the appointment letter, ostensibly to discharge myself.
Interestingly, my job in the two schools entailed imparting knowledge and values to children, the supposed leaders of tomorrow; yet the process that conferred these invaluable responsibilities on me was seamlessly flawed, with none of the schools caring to do any verification before offering me employment.
Novel Light School appointment letter.
A lingering monster
Using fake certificates to secure jobs, including teaching, is a fraudulent practice that has festered for decades. While the illicit act is not peculiar to Nigeria, the failure of the authorities to devise innovative solutions and enforce appropriate punitive measures has emboldened more perpetrators across the country.
While there is a mechanism — albeit weak — to check unqualified and fake teachers in public schools, such a periodic oversight is grossly lacking in private schools that keep springing up all over the country.
In 2001, 846 primary school teachers in Abia State were sacked for allegedly using fake certificates to secure employment. In March 2012, the Kaduna State Government also dismissed 1,840 teachers in public secondary and primary schools for possessing forged certificates.
The then Commissioner for Education, Malam Usman Mohammad, told journalists that the teachers were screened and found unqualified after the government discovered that “the standard of education has fallen in the state.”
“So you can imagine a teacher who has been working for years without the necessary qualifications and its implications for the educational system,” he added.
The Kaduna State Universal Basic Education Board (KADSUBEB) in December 2021 also dismissed 233 teachers in public schools who presented fake certificates to get the job and promised the culprits would be prosecuted.
KADSUBEB Chairman, Tijjani Abdullahi, said the board had contacted 13 institutions that awarded certificates presented by 451 teachers, noting that responses from nine of the institutions led to the teachers’ dismissal.
“This represents 51% of the 451 certificates on which responses have been received from the awarding institutions. One institution disowned 212 of these 233 fake certificates,” he added.
In 2017, the Cross River State Universal Basic Education Board uncovered 734 teachers with fake NCE and degree certificates. The government, however, pardoned them “on humanitarian grounds” and gave them a five-year ultimatum to pursue genuine educational qualifications.
A staff audit committee constituted by the Niger State Universal Basic Education Board (NSUBEB) in 2020 revealed that no fewer than 2,286 primary school teachers were using questionable certificates.
“Some of them went to roadside business centres to print out certificates and we could not ascertain their authenticity,” Alhaji Ayuba Katako, the committee chairman, said.
In October 2020, the Plateau State Universal Basic Education Board sacked 122 primary school teachers found to have gained employment with fake certificates.
The chairman of the board, Prof. Mathew Sule, said the fraud was unravelled after visits to the schools from which the teachers claimed to have graduated. It turned out they never attended those schools. Earlier in 2014, the state government had dismissed 1,400 teachers found to have paraded fake certificates.
Schools react
One of our correspondents contacted the two schools on the phone to get their comments. The principal of Novel Light High School confirmed that the management indeed issued an appointment letter to one Ayobami Babajide as a teacher. When told that the certificates were forged, he was stunned, but said the school would have detected the fraud in the long run.
He said, “We first review applications and call the applicants to come for a written test. If they perform excellently, we call them for an oral interview. Most private schools will not want to spend huge amounts to go to far places to verify certificates. But if the institutions are within Lagos, we verify in person. Most of our employees graduated from schools in Lagos.
“We are also looking for a means to verify certificates of those whose schools are outside Lagos. Recently, I verified the certificate of a teacher who read accounting at the University of Lagos and it was confirmed that she actually finished from there.
“Because of the quest for teachers, we allow that but we will still go for verification. We gave him (Ayobami Babajide) an employment letter, but definitely if any teacher is using a fake certificate, we are going to fish out the person.”
Sowole, the proprietor of Westlake Schools, also confirmed that she offered one Babajide employment because he did well in the interview and “sounded like a serious teacher,” admitting that the certificates were not verified.
She said, “There are a lot of certificates flying about and it is very difficult to write to schools to confirm. Sometimes, it is difficult to differentiate the original from fake certificates. However, the most important thing is identifying the product. Sometimes, when applicants claim they have a degree and we put them through intellectual tests, it will not be long before you know the truth. Not everyone with certificates is genuine. Some have original certificates and they are empty.
“Most of the time, it is difficult in Nigeria to detect fake certificates. As a school owner, if they are coming for an interview, we know they are prepared; they think they would be asked to write a lesson note or teach. We don’t ask them to do that. We ask them applied questions that require critical thinking. And if you don’t perform as we expect, we won’t employ you.
“It is difficult to go to universities for verification. How many universities do you want to visit? For example, Ayobami (Babajide) came with a University of Ilorin certificate. Am I going to go to Ilorin? And even if you write to the school, how long will it take to get a response? There should be a means for organisations to verify certificates online.
“Ayobami didn’t get to work with us. We gave him an employment letter. He claimed to be an English teacher and I interviewed him online in July. Because I was not available and it was almost time for resumption, I asked him to take his documents and go for a written interview with the school’s head. I offered him an appointment letter to come to the school, but he said he had got a better offer. He sounded like a serious teacher.”
One of our correspondents called the Coordinating Director, Lagos State Office of Education Quality Assurance (OEQA), Remi Abdul, on Thursday to know if the two schools are government-approved, but Abdul told him to come to the Ministry of Education at Alausa, Ikeja.
Our reporter arrived at the ministry at about 3.30 pm and waited at the reception until 6.30 pm for Abdul, who said he was in a meeting. He neither picked up subsequent calls nor replied to text messages sent to him as of press time.
Stamping out certificate fraud
The Director, Press and Public Relations, Federal Ministry of Education, Mrs Folasade Boriowo, said a committee set up after a 2023 investigation on degree racketeering had mapped out strategies to tackle certificate frauds.
A Daily Nigerian reporter had received a degree for a four-year programme from a university in the Benin Republic within six weeks and was deployed by the NYSC for a one-year mandatory service, which he had genuinely undergone earlier.
“The ministry is on top of the game, so there is no cause for alarm. I can assure you that we have a solid system in place. Professionally and for security reasons, we can’t tell you what we are doing, but we definitely have a way we do verification. Now we’re doing it online,” she told Weekend Trust.
When pressed on how to verify certificates online, Boriowo asked our correspondent to send a message and promised to get back. She didn’t.
However, one week after, on September 24, a circular signed by the Secretary to the Government of the Federation, Senator George Akume, was released to the media, stating that effective from October 6, 2025, every ministry, department, agency, and tertiary institutions—civilian, military, public, or private—must adopt the National Credential Verification Service (NCVS) to authenticate the qualifications of staff and prospective employees. The NCVS is the initiative of the Federal Ministry of Education.
The Lagos State Commissioner for Information and Strategy, Mr Gbenga Omotoso, said the state government was not aware that forgers were still operating at Oluwole after their den was demolished during the state’s urban renewal and regeneration programme.
“This is the first complaint we are getting about Oluwole. The state government and security agencies have a good working relationship. They act together, especially on security and crime fighting. We will let them know of this issue. What I knew about Oluwole was that it was demolished and became a shadow of its own self. We will escalate the matter to security agencies which have the capacity to go underground and fish out the suspects.
“Technology has resolved so many matters. Nowadays it is easier to detect forged documents than it was before. But that doesn’t mean those who are into forgery too may not have used technology to step up their game,” he said.
When told that Oluwole-made certificates were used to secure employment in some Lagos schools, the commissioner acknowledged that “employers may not bother to verify the authenticity of the certificates, but one day, they would verify and discover that they have been deceived.”
A professor of computer science at Babcock University, Ogun State, Prof. Oludele Awodele, recommended some measures to ensure real-time verification of certificates and curb forgery.
“To prevent certificate racketeering and forgery, we can utilise the QR code to make certificates more secure and difficult to forge. We can also use a secure template that would be too difficult to replicate, forge, or alter.
“We can equally use an anti-fraud measure such as watermarking or a unique serial number. Watermarking is a security measure that will make a certificate to be made for just the candidate alone. There won’t be any form of duplication,” he said.
The Artificial Intelligence expert further prescribed a central digital platform where certificates issued by different institutions can be verified.
“This could be a joint system, a single repository, where institutions can key into. I’m talking about interoperability, where there will be a kind of communication, a connection between different repositories of different schools, through which anyone can verify certificates.
“For example, if an organisation is trying to employ somebody, it can access that platform to verify whether the applicant’s certificate is authentic or not. We are not there yet, but the platform could forestall this issue of forgery and racketeering,” Awodele added.
The don called for increased awareness to educate individuals and organisations about the risks and consequences of certificate forgery as well as clear policies to guide against the criminal act.
“There should be enforcement of the law by prosecuting anyone involved [in the criminal act]. There is also a blockchain-based solution that makes certificates secure and tamper-proof. It is one major solution institutions are adopting now,” the don said.
The Chief Operating Officer, Digital Encode, Prof. Adewale Obadare, described the process of verifying employees’ certificates manually months or years after employment as a reactive measure, dwelling on how blockchain technology can stamp out prevalent cases of certificate forgery and racketeering in Nigeria.
He said, “An effective way to have proactive control is to use technology to solve this kind of problem, and such technology is blockchain. In schools abroad that I have visited, they issue certificates on the blockchain for integrity, which means that the certificate is digital and can be validated in real time. Every certificate that I have gotten from Harvard and Oxford is on the blockchain.
“Nigeria can do this by way of policy from the Ministry of Education. The first step is to determine whether we want to combat certificate forgery; every certificate in Nigeria should be issued on the blockchain. It is a cryptographic network that has a public key and a private key, so there is a key exchange. When there is a key exchange, nobody can forge such certificates and that is what most schools abroad are doing now.”
Obadare, a cybersecurity expert, explained that blockchain technology enables employers to easily verify certificates presented by applicants.
“All they need to do is tell the applicant to send the blockchain link to their certificate,” he declared, adding that when a certificate is issued on the blockchain, it will be there for public validation and no one can forge it.
“Institutions need to invest in technology to make sure that they digitise all their certificates, including those previously issued, and put them on the blockchain. There will be no need for hard copy certificates again, because the hard copy certificate is the reason why there are fake certificates in the first place,” he stated.
